Mechanism

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter synthesized from choline that regulates memory, learning, attention, muscle contraction, and parasympathetic tone (vagus nerve). Central deficit is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's; its modulation is the basis of cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil.

Effect by goal · level of evidence

Memory and Alzheimer's

reduces Very high physiology (A)

Alzheimer's target

Degeneration of cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert is an early hallmark of Alzheimer's. Donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine slow cognitive decline mildly to moderately.

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Attention and focus

modulates Very high physiology (A)

Cognitive target

Acetylcholine in the prefrontal cortex modulates sustained attention. Precursors such as Alpha-GPC, citicoline, and choline support this pathway.

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Parasympathetic tone (vagus nerve)

modulates Very high physiology (A)

Rest pathway

The vagus nerve releases acetylcholine in peripheral organs, activating the state of rest, digestion, and calm. Slow breathing and vagal stimulation increase this tone.

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Muscle contraction

modulates Very high physiology (A)

Motor basis

Acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction triggers contraction. Blocking it (botulinum, curare) causes paralysis.

Information, not medical advice. Scientific evidence reflects the quality of the studies.