Prospective study (4,730 women, ~10 years): prolonged fasting periods and weight-loss diets were linked to more hospitalizations for gallstones. Observational: association, causation not proven.
View the study (study) →It accumulates for decades in the kidney (tubular damage) and bone (demineralization, itai-itai disease).
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Cadmium accumulates mainly in the kidney (it damages the proximal tubule) and in bone (demineralization, itai-itai disease described in Japan). The IARC classifies it as a group 1 carcinogen (lung cancer through inhalation). Its half-life in the body is decades.
Sources: tobacco (smoking is one of the largest exposures), shellfish, organ meats, rice and vegetables grown in contaminated soils, and batteries/industry. Quitting smoking and varying the diet reduce exposure.
Information, not medical advice. Scientific evidence reflects the quality of the studies.