Their fall causes hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, sleep disturbance, mood changes, and accelerated bone loss. Hormone therapy (MHT) is the most effective treatment for moderate-to-severe symptoms if there is no contraindication.
View the study (review) →Stimulates osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclasts. Its postmenopausal decline causes accelerated bone loss. Together with vitamin D, calcium, and weight-bearing exercise it is the best prevention.
View the study (review) →Before menopause it protects against cardiovascular events. After menopause that advantage disappears rapidly. MHT started within the 'window of opportunity' (10 years after menopause) maintains protection.
View the study (review) →Estradiol modulates mood and cognition via receptors in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus. Its fluctuation in perimenopause is associated with a higher risk of depression.
View the study (study) →Information, not medical advice. Scientific evidence reflects the quality of the studies.