Approved (FDA / EMA)
FDA (U.S.): Approved: the first was Humalog (insulin lispro, June 1996); Lantus (insulin glargine, April 20, 2000) was the first basal analog; Awiqli (insulin icodec, weekly) approved in March 2026 only for adults with type 2 diabetes.
EMA (EU): Approved: Humalog (April 30, 1996) and successive rapid-acting and basal analogs; Awiqli (insulin icodec, May 17, 2024) for adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes (in type 1, combined with prandial insulin).
Insulin needs change during pregnancy, and poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy increases the risk of ketoacidosis, preeclampsia, and malformations; published studies with insulin glargine do not show a clear relationship with developmental adverse effects (FDA label for Lantus). The dose is adjusted individually.
Allows glucose to enter muscle and fat after meals. Its absolute deficiency is type 1 diabetes; its functional deficiency due to resistance is type 2 diabetes.
View the study (review) →Chronic resistance precedes diabetes by 5-10 years. HOMA-IR, HbA1c, fasting glucose, and basal insulin levels are available clinical markers.
View the study (review) →Chronically high insulin blocks lipolysis and promotes fat storage. It is one of the bases of why reducing insulin spikes (lowering glycemic index, fasting) facilitates weight loss.
View the study (review) →Brain insulin resistance participates in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's. Ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting show a signal in mild cognitive impairment.
View the study (review) →Information, not medical advice. Scientific evidence reflects the quality of the studies.