Mechanism

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A highly conserved 36-amino-acid peptide, one of the most abundant in the central nervous system. It regulates appetite, stress response, anxiety, and resilience. High levels in the amygdala are associated with greater resilience to trauma; its release is depleted in PTSD.

Effect by goal · level of evidence

Stress resilience and PTSD

protects Moderate cohorts (AA)

Target in PTSD

High CSF levels of NPY are associated with better resilience to trauma in war veterans. Those who develop PTSD show chronic depletion. Intranasal NPY is being investigated as a treatment.

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Anxiety

reduces Moderate preclinical (A)

Endogenous anxiolytic

Central administration of NPY in animal models reduces anxious behavior via Y1 receptors in the amygdala. Opposite effect to CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone).

Cardiovascular regulation

modulates Moderate physiology (A)

Pathway in hypertension

Co-released with norepinephrine at sympathetic synapses: a potent vasoconstrictor. Contributes to sustained hypertension in chronic stress.

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Appetite

increases Very high physiology (A)

Appetite regulator

Hypothalamic NPY is one of the most potent appetite stimulants known. It is released in response to low leptin and prolonged fasting. Target under investigation in obesity and anorexia.

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Information, not medical advice. Scientific evidence reflects the quality of the studies.